Answers
1)Abnormalities
-Swollen optic disc
-Dilated vessels over the optic disc
-Blurring of the optic disc margin
2)Papilloedema
3)Causes of abnormalities
-Increase ICP
-Benign intracranial hypertension
-Malignant hypertension
4)Immediate management
-Confirm the diagnosis of Papilloedema and establish the cause (CT scan, ultrasound orbit)
-IV diuretic like carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide)
-Eye drop timolol or pilocarpine.
-Optic nerve sheath decompression
Notes
Papilloedema is bilateral, non inflammatory passive swelling of the optic disc mainly due to raise ICP.
Causes of papilloedema.
a)Raised ICP
-Congenital ventricular system stenosis
-Blocked ventricular system
-Obstruction of CSF absorption by the arachnoid villi
-Hyper secretion of CSF
b)Benign intracranial hypertension may cause gross papilloedema without neurological symptoms. Due to tetracycline, nalidixic acid, high dose vitamin A, corticosteroid and oral contraceptive
c)Malignant hypertension